![]() There are several versions of the JRD task, but the most typically used version asks participants to imagine themselves standing near a landmark, facing another landmark, and to point in the direction of a third landmark-i.e., “Imagine you’re standing at A, facing B. There is also a pointing task, dubbed “the judgments of relative direction (JRD) task” ( Rieser, 1989 Shelton & McNamara, 2001 Waller & Hodgson, 2006 Zhang et al., 2012, 2014 Ekstrom et al., 2014, 2017), in which participants are asked to recall the locations and directions of landmarks relative to each other, irrespective of their current egocentric position and heading-i.e., pointing to landmarks relative to imagined positions and headings. These tasks have been referred to as the “egocentric pointing task” ( Waller & Hodgson, 2006) and the “scene and orientation-dependent pointing (SOP) task” ( Zhang, Copara, & Ekstrom, 2012 Zhang, Zherdeva, & Ekstrom, 2014 Ekstrom, Arnold, & laria, 2014 Ekstrom, Huffman, & Starrett, 2017) 2. One example of a pointing task involves participants pointing to the direction of landmarks while they are oriented in an environment-i.e., these tasks ask participants to point to landmarks relative to their current egocentric position and heading. Another advantage is that pointing tasks are readily adapted to computerized testing, and thus can be employed during neuroimaging. Pointing tasks are a valuable way to assess spatial knowledge without the confound of the participant continuously changing position while doing so. Some of the most commonly used tasks fit broadly into the following categories: 1) pointing tasks (which provide a measure of relative directions e.g., Waller & Hodgson, 2006), 2) distance estimation tasks 1 (which provide a measure of relative distances e.g., Richardson, 1981), 3) map drawing tasks (which provide a measure of both relative directions and distances MacKay, 1976). In fact, the past several decades have seen the advancement of several behavioral techniques for studying human spatial memory in the laboratory, and these techniques typically assay participants’ knowledge of the relative directions or relative distances (or both) between landmarks. The locations of such goal-relevant landmarks are inherently relational, and thus these spatial relationships are typically described in terms of relative directions and distances. The ability to remember the locations of goal-relevant landmarks-e.g., the location of a blueberry bush relative to one’s dwelling-allows the navigator to adapt to its environment and behave in a goal-oriented manner. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |